Aircraft Engine Design and Engineering Handbook

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Aircraft Engine Design and Engineering Handbook

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Aircraft Engine Design and Engineering Handbook

Preface

This text has been assembled to aid technical students in bridging the gap between the point (a) where they have a fairly complete knowledge of the fundamentals of mathematics' mechanics, and machine design and (b) the point where they are sufficiently familiar with the application of these fundamentals to the design of aircraft engines to enable them to be of value to the aircraft - engine building industry.

Usually students entering this field of study are totally lacking in the experience so essential to deciding a logical order of procedure of engine design. They also lack the accumulated information upon which experienced designers can call for making the innumerable assumptions that must precede or parallel the analyses of various parts. Hence, an outline of procedure and a considerable accumulation of more or less rational data have been included. However, it is pointed out that although the Suggested Design Procedure is one way of carrying through the analysis, it is not the only way, or even the best possible way in a particular instance. Students are usually encouraged to select a conventional type of engine for a first design because there are more sign posts to guide them, butthis should not be misinterpreted as simplying a negative attitude toward new ideas and possible improvements over present practice. Rather, it is based on the belief, founded largely on teaching experience, that a student can not very well design an improved or unconventional engine until he is familiar with the short comings and weaknesses of conventional engines.

The author is greatly indebted to the various stated sources for illustrative data, and in each case he has endeavored to give proper credit. The author is also indebted to G. D. Angle, P. M. Heldt, various staff technicians at Wright Field, the NAGA, the engine industry, and his associates at Purdue, particularly Dean A. A. Potter, Prof. G. A. Young, and especially Prof. K. D. Wood for valuable suggestions, criticisms, and assistance.

Preface v
Chapter 1.
Requirements, Possibilities, and Limitations 1
Sources of Power—Basic Requirements and Limitations—Government Requirements—References—Problems.

2. Outline op the Project 14 Selection of the Potential Market—Selection of Rated Power — Preliminary Specifications—^Justification of Values in Example 1 —Preparation of Design Data and Drawings—Suggested Design Procedure.

3. Gas-pressure Forces 26
Forces in the Cylinder—Construction of the Indicator Card Example—Gas-pressure-Crank-angle Diagrams—Example — References—Suggested Design Procedure—Problems.

4. Analysis of the Crank Chain 36
Forces Due to the Reciprocating Parts—Piston Velocity and Acceleration—Example—Piston Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration for Articulated Rods—Inertia Forces Due to Reciprocating Parts—Example—Torque or Turning Effort per Cylinder—Example—Torque Reaction—Total Engine Torque — Example—Torque Variation with Number of Cylinders and Cylinder Arrangement—Suggested Design Procedure

5. Analysis of Bearing Loads 58
Crankshaft Bearing Loads—Resultant Force on the Crankpin Example—Crankpin Bearing Loads—Example—Crankshaft Dimensions—In-line and V-engine Crankshafts—Example Radial-engine Crankshafts—Resultant Forties on Main Bearings —Example—Relative Wear Diagrams—Suggested Design Procedure— Referen cos.

6. Design of Reoiproiating Parts 88
Design Requircnnents and TJmitations- Functions of the Piston —Piston Materials—Piston Dimensions—Piston Rings—Piston or Wrist Pins—Knuckle or Link Pins—Connecting-rod Shank
Crankshaft Vibration and Balance 110

7. Fundamental Nature of Vibration—Engine Balance—Variation in Engine Torque—Flexibility of the Oankshaft in Torsion Types of Crankshaft Balance—Unbalanced Rotating Parts —Unbalanced Reciprocating l\irts—Reciprocating Balance in Multicylinder Engines—Counterbalancing—Exaniphi—Suggested Design Procedure—References.

8. Crankshaft Detaii^s and Reduction Gearing 145
Crankshaft Details—Reduction Gearing—Gear Materials and Dimensions—Example of Single-reduction Gearing Calcnilation —Example of Planetary-reduction Gearing Calfuilation—-Special
Gears—Reduction-gear liearing Loads—Iltuictiion Tor<pie Measurements— Thrust-bearing Details—Suggested Design Proccidure —Problems— References.

9. Cylinders and Valves 173
Functions of the Cylinder—Types of Cylinder Construction

10. Valve Gear 212
Usual Valve-gear Arrangements—Valve Timing

11. The Crankcase, Superchargers, and Accesories 279
Supercharger Drives—Accessoriris—Carhured-ors and Kmd Pumps —Magnetos, Starters, and Geiienitors—^racdiorncd.ers, and Miscellaneous Accessories—Accessory Drive Details—Suggested
Design Procedure—Problems—References.

APPENDICES
List of Tables in' Appendices 321
List op Figures in Appendices 321a
1. Technical Data on Aircraft Engines and Engine Parts. . . 322
2. Properties of Aircraft-engine Materials 440
3. Useful Design Formulas 460
Index 483