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Asperities. Regardless of how smooth a
surface may appear, it has many small irregularities called
asperities. In cases where a surface is extremely rough, the
contacting points are significant, but when the surface is
fairly smooth, the contacting points have a very modest
effect. The real or true surface area refers to the area of
the points in direct contact. This area is considerably less
than the apparent geometric area.
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