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Handbook of Machine Design
Instrumentation and Electronics Engineering and Design
The Constructor, A Handbook of Machine Design
F. Reuleaux
Professor at the Royal Technical High School at Berlin, Royal Privy Cotincillor,
Member of the Royal Technical Deputation, Corresponding Member of the Institute
of Lombardy and of the Swedish Technical Society, Foreign Member of the Royal
Academy of Sciences of Stockholm, Honorary Member of the Technical Societies of
Riga and Erfurt, of the Technical Society of Frankfurt a M., of the Society of
Arts of Geneva, of the Flora Society of Cologne, of the American Philosophical
Society and of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
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INTRODUCTION.
The kinematic analysis has shown that such
devices as pneumatic tubes, canal locks, and the like,both ancient and modern,
belong to precisely the same class of constrained combinations as steam engines
and water wheels, the whole subject has been condensed and simplified in a
manner not possible under the earlier conceptions. The value of the kinematic
method is evident in in Section 333, where fifty different combinations of
pressure organs are gathered together under a few and simple fundamental
principles. Another instance* is shown near the end of the book in the
discussion of what I have called " Fluid valves." From the time of Hero of
Alexandria down to the present day, these fluid valves have been used in what is
now seen to be a continuous series of applications of a simple kinematical
principle. These important simplifications will both excuse and justify the wide
departure from previous conceptions which characterizes the latter part of the
volume.
In regard to the other and principal object of the work, namely,
the treatment of the practical construction of machine details, this has not
been as consistently and fully revised as I had intended and desired ; chiefly
owing to the long delay in the completion of the last edition. In my lectures I
have been able to follow the the technical advances which have been made in the
detailed construction of bearings, levers, cranks, connecting rods, etc., and
discuss them accordingly, but in the book itself many of these subjects still
appear in the older dress. For these imperfections the kind indulgence of the
reader is requested, and in the next edition an earnest endeavor will be made to
bring these subjects up to ^ate.
To Mr. Henry Harrison Suplee, to whom I
have given the exclusive right of translation, I take this opportunity to
express my particular appreciation of the great care and extraordinary accuracy
which he has displayed in the production of this English version, and also my
gratification at the care which has been given to the printing and the
reproduction of the illustrations. Mr. Suplee has recalculated and transformed
all the'";formuIae and numerous tables into the English system of measurements,
and also reworked all the examples, and has shown in this portion of the work a
patience that deserves especial recognition. It is a matter of regret that the
time has not yet arrived for the general acceptance of the metric system in
England and America, and until such time comes tedious transformations of this
sort will often be necessary and will merit our gratitude,
I can only
add that it is my earnest desire that the friendly acceptance of my book by
English speaking engineers may correspond to the magnitude of the labor which
has been . expended in the preparation of this translation.
F. REULEAUX,
Honorary Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Berlin, February,
1803.
TOC
SECTION I.
STRENGTH OK MATERIALS.
Introductory
Coefficients of Resistance
Resistance to Tension and Compression 2
Bodies of Uniform Strength 2
Resistance to Shearing 2
Resistance to Bending 2
Table of Sections 5
Value of the
Quantity S 8
Sections of Uniform Resistance.... 8
Bodies of Uniform
Resistance to Bending 8
Resistance to Shearing in the Neutral Plane 10
Beams with a Common Load 11
Resistance to Torsion 11
Polar Moment of Inertia and Section Modulus II
Bodies of Uniform
Resistance to Torsion 13
Resistance to Buckling 13
Columns of Uniform Resistance. ... 13
Compound Stresses 13
Resistance of Walls of Vessels 15
Calculation of Springs 18
SECTION II.
THE ELEMENTS OF GRAPHOSTATICS.
Introductory 22
Multiplication by Lines 22
Division by Lines 23
Multiplication
and Division Combined 23
Area of Triangles 23
Area of
Quadrilateral Figures 23
Area of Polygons 24
Graphical
Calculation of Powers 24
Powers of Trigonometrical Functions 25
Extraction of Roots 26
Addition and Subtraction of Forces. 26
Isolated forces in One Plane— Cord Polygon 26
Equilibrium of External Forces
of Cord Polygon 27
Equilibrium of Internal Forces of Cord Polygon 28
Resultant of Isolated Forces in One Plane 29
Conditions of
Equilibrium of Isolated Forces 29
Force Couples 29
Equilibrium
between Three Parallel Forces 30
Resultant of Several Parallel Forces 31
Decomposition of Forces 31
Uniformly Distributed Parallel Forces 32
Twisting and Bending Movements. - 33
Determination of
Centre of Gravity 33
Resultant of Load on Water Wheel. 34
Force
Plans for Framed Structures. 35
Force Plans for Roof Trusses 36
Graphical Determination of Wind Stresses 37
Force Plans for Framed
Beams. ... 38
Remarks 38
SECTION III.
THE
CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINE ELEMENTS.
Introductory 39