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Fluids Applications

Air Flow Drag and Drag Coefficient Equations and Calculator
Aerodynamic Drag Equation and Calculator Aerodynamic Drag is the opposing fluid drag force that acts on any moving solid body
Continuity Equation Continuity equation is a mathematical expression of the principle of conservation of mass.
Convergent Nozzle Flow Velocity and Area Equation and Calculator
Convergent-Divergent Nozzle Flow Velocity and Area Equation and Calculator
Properties of Fluids A fluid is any substance which flows because its particles are not rigidly attached to one another.
Buoyancy Buoyancy is an upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object.
Compressibility Compressibility is the measure of the change in volume a substance undergoes when a pressure is exerted on the substance.
Flow of Air in Pipes Equation and Calculator
Flow of Compressed Air in Pipes Equation and Calculator
Fluids and Hydraulics Engineering and Design Handbook Premium Membership Required
Relationship Between Depth and Pressure Relationship Between Depth and Pressure Review and Equations
Head Loss at Pipe Entrance Equations and Calculator using the head loss coefficient and head loss of a fluid at a smooth bellmouth pipe entrance.
Head Loss at Pipe Abrupt Exit Equations and Calculator of a fluid.
Head loss and head loss coefficient equation and calculator of a fluid in across a screen (circular metal wire mesh) inside a pipe.
Horsepower Required to Compress Air, Single-Stage Compression
Horsepower Required to Compress Air, Two-Stage Compression
Horsepower Required to Compress Air, Three-stage Compression
Velocity of Water Due To Head in Feet Table
Head coefficient and head loss across angled louvers inside a pipe equation and calculator.
Pascal's Law Pascal's law or the principle of transmission of fluid-pressure
Pressure Losses for Fluid Flow in 90° Pipe Bends
Control Volume Control volume is a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of creating mathematical models of physical processes.
Volumetric Flow Rate volumetric flow rate (V ) of a system is a measure of the volume of fluid passing a point in the system per unit time.
Velocity of Escaping Compressed Air Equation and Calculator
Mass Flow Rate Mass flow rate of a system is a measure of the mass of fluid passing a point in the system per unit time
Conservation of Mass Mass flow rates into a control volume are equal to all mass flow rates out of the control volume plus the rate of change of mass within the control volume.
Steady-State Flow Steady-state flow refers to the condition where the fluid properties at any single point in the system do not change over time.
Continuity Equation Continuity equation is a mathematical expression of the principle of conservation of mass.
Venturi Flow Equation and Calculator

Bernoulli's Equation

General Energy Equation Conservation of energy principle states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
Simplified Bernoulli Equation Steady flow system in which no work is done on or by the fluid, no heat is transferred to or from the fluid, and no change occurs in the internal energy
Head The term head is used by engineers in reference to pressure.
Energy Conversions in Fluid Systems Energy Conversions in Fluid Systems Bernoulli's Equation
Restrictions on the Simplified Bernoulli Equation Restrictions on the Simplified Bernoulli Fluid
Extended Bernoulli Bernoulli equation can be modified to take into account gains and losses of head.
Application of Bernoulli's Equation to a Venturi A venturi, may be analyzed using Bernoulli's equation and the continuity equation.

Two-Phase Fluid Flow

Two-Phase Fluid Flow Two-phase flow occurs in a system containing gas and liquid with a meniscus separating the two phases
Flow Instability Unstable flow can occur in the form of flow oscillations or flow reversals.
Pipe Whip If a pipe were to rupture, the reaction force created by the high velocity fluid jet could cause the piping to displace and cause extensive damage
Water Hammer Water hammer is a liquid shock wave resulting from the sudden starting or stopping of flow.
Pressure spike Pressure spike is the resulting rapid rise in pressure above static pressure caused by water hammer.
Steam Hammer Steam hammer is a power hammer driven by steam.
Operational Considerations Practical Application Water and steam hammer are not uncommon occurrences in industrial plants.

Centrifugal Pumps

Energy Conversion in a Centrifugal Pump Energy Conservation in a Centrifugal Pump
Operating Characteristics of a Centrifugal Pump Centrifugal pump produces a relatively low pressure increase in the fluid.
Cavitation Cavitation occurs when vapor bubbles are swept along the pump impeller with the fluid.
Net Positive Suction Head Centrifugal pumps generally obey what are known as the pump laws.
System Head Characteristic Curve Head Loss Piping System Review | Head Loss Curve
System Operating Point The point at which a pump operates in a given piping system depends on the flow rate and head loss of that system.
System Use of Multiple Centrifugal Pumps System Use of Multiple Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel If the inlet and the outlet of each pump are at identical points in the system, each pump must produce the same pump head.
Centrifugal Pumps in Series Centrifugal pumps are used in series to overcome a larger system head loss than one pump can compensate for individually.

Fluids and Flow Calculators

Partially Full Pipe Flow Calculator Determines the Flow within a partially full pipe using the Manning equation.
Hydrostatic Pressure vs Depth Liquid Table Chart Hydrostatic Pressure vs Depth Water Table Chart and Equation
Manometer Application Equation for Pressure Manometer is an instrument for measuring gas or vapor pressure- especially at low levels.
Manometer Pressure Calculator U-Tube Manometer Measuring Pressure Calculator

Pumps, Components, and Technology

Air Gas Compressor Air compressor is a machine that pressurizes or compresses air.
Common Pump Problems & Possible Simple Solution Common Pump Problems & Possible Simple Solution
Control Valves Operation and Application
Horsepower Required to Compress Air Horsepower Required to Compress Air Table Chart
Linear Actuator Review Linear actuator is a mechanism or assembly that creates motion and force along a straight line utilizing an externally applied energy source
Pipeline Pigs, Pigging Review Known as "pigs" to perform various maintenance operations on a pipeline.
Oil mist Eliminators Review Oil Mist Eliminators trap or filter out oil mist created by machines before the mist is expelled into the ambient environment.
Pipe Friction Calculations Within Pipe For Fluid Flow Pipe Friction drives the pipe size requirements within a fluid flow system and is dependant on the piping system design requirements

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Airfoil AeroDynamics Characteristics Calculator Mach Number, Reynolds Number, Dynamics Pressure, Viscosity
Flow Regimes Two flow regimes are laminar flow and turbulent flow
Laminar Flow Laminar flow (or streamline flow) occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers.
Turbulent Flow Turbulent Flow Poseuille Law Equation
Flow Velocity Profiles Not all fluid particles travel at the same velocity within a pipe.
Average (Bulk) Velocity Ia single average velocity to represent the velocity of all fluid at that point in the pipe.
Viscosity Viscosity is a fluid property that measures the resistance of the fluid to deforming due to a shear force.
Ideal Fluid ideal fluid is one that is incompressible and has no viscosity.
Reynolds Number Reynolds number, based on studies of Osborn Reynolds, is dimensionless number of the physical characteristics of the flow.

Piping Hardware Design Data

API Integral-Joint tubing Recommended Torque Table API IJ integral-joint tubing is available in OD sizes of 1.315 to 2.063 in.
API NUE Tubing Recommended Torque Table Recommended Torque Table for API NUE Tubing.
API Tubing Engineering Table Chart API Tubing Engineering Table Chart
API Tubing Grade & Specifications The following guidelines apply to the use of API tubing grades.
API Casing 4.500 - 5.000 Dia. Engineering Data Table Specification 5C3 of the American Petroleum Institute standardizes 14 casing sizes from 4.5 inches (11.43 cm) to 20 inches (50.80 cm) outside diameter
API Casing 5.000 - 5.500 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing Data Tables sizes 5.00 - 5.50.
API Casing 5.500 - 6.625 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing Data Tables sizes 5.50 - 6.625.
API Casing 6.625 - 7.000 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing Data Tables sizes 6.625 - 7.000 Dia.
API Casing 7.000 - 7.625 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 7.000 - 7.625 Dia. Table
API Casing 7.625 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 7.625 Dia. Table
API Casing 7.625 - 8.625 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 7.625 - 8.625 Dia. Table
API Casing 9.625 - 10.750 Dia. Engineering Data Table PI Casing 9.625 - 10.750 Dia. Table
API Casing 10.750 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 10.750 Dia. Table
API Casing 10.750 - 11.750 Dia. Engineering Data Table PI Casing 10.750 - 11.750 Dia. Table
API Casing 11.750 - 13.375 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 11.750 - 13.375 Dia. Table
API Casing 13.500 - 18.375 Dia. Engineering Data Table API Casing 13.500 - 18.375 Dia. Table
Air Pressure Loss per Foot in Steel Pipe Table Estimated pressure drop at the given CFM of free air flow for steel pipe.
Barlow's Formula, Calculator and MAOP Design Factors Barlow's formula is used to verify that pipe used for gathering, transmission, and distribution lines can safely withstand operating pressures.
Chézy and Manning's Equation Manning's equation, which is based on Chezy's equation, is method to calculate the free surface flow within a channel.
Copper Tubing Size Chart ASTM B88 Dimensions and Physical Characteristics of Copper Tube: TYPE K
Copper Tubing HVAC Size Chart Copper Tubing HVAC Size Chart- Size and Physical Characteristics
Copper Tube Size Chart Medical Gas, K and L Physical Characteristics Chart of Copper Tube: Medical Gas, K and L per. ASTM B 819.
Design for Pipe and Tube Forming Premium Membership Required
Design for Stainless Steel Pipe and Tube Welding
Discharge of Air Through An Orifice Discharge of Air Through An Orifice Equation
Hazen-Williams Water Pressure Drop Flow Rates Calculator Equation Hazen-Williams Water Pressure Drop Flow Rates Equations and Calculator
Hazen-Williams Coefficients Table Typical C factors used in the Hazen Williams equation
Internal Dryseal Pipe Thread Tap Drill Sizes Recommendations Dryseal pipe threads are designated by specifying in sequence nominal size, thread series symbol, and class:
Kinematics Viscosity Equation Application kinematics viscosity is the ratio of the viscosity to the density.
Kinematics Viscosity Table Chart Average Kinematics Viscosity for selected liquid fluids.
Torque Table for API UEU Tubing Recommended Torque for UEU Tubing
Fluid Flow Open Channel Calculator Chezy and Manning's equation to determine the wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, flow area, Chezy coefficient and flow velocity
Pipe Diameter Based on & Friction Factor Calculator Calculator will determine pipe diameter required based on Head Loss, hL, Frictional Pressure Drop, DPf, for given flow rate, Q, pipe diameter, D, pipe length, L, pipe roughness, e, and fluid properties, r & m.
Pipe Flow Rate Based on & Friction Factor Calculator Calculator will determine pipe diameter required based on Head Loss, hL, Frictional Pressure Drop, DPf, for given flow rate, Q, pipe diameter, D, pipe length, L, pipe roughness, e, and fluid properties, r & m.
Pipe Friction Head Loss, Friction Pressure, and Frictional Pressure Equations and Calculator Pipe Friction Head Loss, Friction Pressure, and Frictional Pressure Equations and Calculator
Manning's Roughness Coefficient Gauckley Chezy Manning coefficient, often denoted as n , is an empirically derived coefficient
Nozzle, Water Flow Table Units in Cubic Feet per Second
Pipe Friction Calculations Within Pipe For Fluid Flow Pipe Friction drives the pipe size requirements within a fluid flow system and is dependant on the piping system design requirements.
Pipe Thread Installation Torque Table Chart Brass and steel Pipe thread (NPT) installation procedure and torque specification table
Hazen-Williams Method for Pipe Friction and Pressure Drop Hazen-Williams formula:
Estimated Pressure Drop for Thermoplastic Lined Fittings and Valves Estimated Pressure Drop for Thermoplastic Lined Fittings and Valves.
Pipe Roughness Coefficients Roughness Coefficients of Specific roughness, Hazen-Williams Coefficient and Manning Factor.
Schedule 40 Steel Pipe Sizes & Dimensions ANSI American National Standard Schedule 40 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe.
Schedule 80 Steel Pipe Sizes & Dimensions ANSI American National Standard Schedule 80 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe.
Schedule 40 Plastic PVC, CPVC Pipe Sizes & Dimensions PVC, CPVC and other Schedule 40 Plastic Pipe.
Schedule 80 Plastic PVC, CPVC Pipe Sizes & Dimensions American National Standard Schedule 80 Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe.
Stainless Steel Pipe per. ASTM A312 and ANSI B36.19
Steel Pipe Pressure Ratings
Tube Bending Manufacturing Guide Premium membership required
Plastic PVC, CPVC Pipe Applications Material characteristics for plastic PVC, CPVC
Loss of Air Pressure Due To Pipe Friction Table 1 Loss of Air Pressure Due To Pipe Friction Table
Loss of Air Pressure Due To Pipe Friction Table 2 Loss of Air Pressure Due To Pipe Friction Table
Loss of Pressure Through Screw Pipe Fittings Loss of Pressure Through Screw Pipe Fitting. Each pipeline fitting within the system
Straight Pipe Threads Table Chart ANSI NPSL ANSI/ASME B1.20.1, American Pipe Threads Standard
Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Standard Tubes Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Standard Tubes
Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 40 Pipe Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 40 Pipe
Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 80 Pipe Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 80 Pipe
Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 160 Pipe Velocity and Flow Capacity of Oil Schedule 160 Pipe
Pressure Vessel and Piping Weld Joint Reduction Factor - Weld Joint Corrosion Reduction Factor

Head Loss

Head Loss Head loss is the reduction in the total head or pressure of the fluid as it moves through a fluid system.
Friction Factor Friction factor has been determined to depend on the Reynolds number for the flow and the degree of roughness of the pipes
Darcy's Equation Darcy's Equation Fluids Flow Equation - also called Darcy Weisbach equation.
Minor Losses Pressure losses that occur in pipelines due to bends, elbows, joints, valves, etc. are sometimes called minor losses.
Equivalent Piping Length Equivalent Piping Length Head Loss Equation Fluids

Natural Circulation

Forced and Natural Circulation Forced and Natural Fluid Circulation
Thermal Driving Head Thermal driving head is the force that causes natural circulation to take place.
Conditions Required for Natural Circulation Natural circulation of fluids will only occur if the correct conditions exist.
Example of Natural Circulation Cooling Natural circulation is frequently the primary means of cooling for pool-type reactors
Flow Rate and Temperature Difference Fluid Flow Rate and Temperature Difference Review